How Arthur Conan Doyle maintains interest Essay Example For Students

Geography Report- Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Essays

Geology Report-Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Essays Geology report-Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Most young people nowadays think sport shoes like Nike Or Reebok are excessively costly. Guardians likewise think vehicles cost excessively. The Federal Government is going to consider cutting an exceptional charge known as a levy. The tax puts a rate on items like shoes and vehicles that originate from abroad. A great many people will concur with the legislature to cut this unique charge since vehicles and stuff from abroad will be less expensive however this issue is working up a genuine discussion. This article will clarify the choices that have been taken as of late concerning the eventual fate of vehicle duties in Australia and the impacts on these choices have after existing examples of work and populace inside Australia. Vehicle industry laborers have been against levy cuts, to spare their manufacturing plants and a large number of their employments. A significant report suggested the cuts proceed, to make vehicles in Australia less expensive. The Prime Minister, John Howard needed to control a course through all the contentions to settle on his choice, one not every person was upbeat with. As indicated by the Australian Newspaper on June fifth, The Howard Government has chosen to cut vehicle taxes from 15% in 2000 to 10% by 2005 after a battle between its top monetary clergymen over requires an successful tax freeze. The result, which still can't seem to go to Cabinet, speaks to a triumph for the Treasurer (Diminish Costello) and an annihilation for Mr Moore. Vehicle taxes are planned to drop from 221% to 15% in three steps of 2.5% continuously, 2000. The gatherings yesterday dismissed a proposition set forward by Mr Moore on June second that suggested that the period for arriving at the 15% objective ought to be expanded five years from 2000 to 2005. To sum up, The Cabinet has chosen to acknowledge the fundamental components of a fall back alternative likewise raised by the Industry Minister on June second. This suggested the present courses of action for cutting taxes to 15% in 2000 ought to be kept up, with extra decreases of 1% every year at that point applying through to 2005. Associations that speak to a large number of Australian specialists, and the Victorian and South Australian Governments, are battling to keep taxes on vehicles. They're stressed that individuals will purchase increasingly imported vehicles on the off chance that they become less expensive, and that organizations making Australian ones may leave business. The impact is that joblessness on neighborhood assembling of vehicles will keep on ascending in Australia. Consequently the decline in work in assembling (vehicles) will in general diminish the metropolitan grouping of work and populace. To finish up, the tax rate will authoritatively fall as the years progress meaning neighborhood vehicle makers will before long be bankrupt as a result of the expanding rivalry from recently industrializing nations for example, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia and Indonesia. This will prompt the decrease of the metropolitan centralization of work and populace in Australia. Evaluation Received on Report : B

12 Careers With Great Entry-Level Positions

12 Careers With Great Entry-Level Positions 12 Careers With Great Entry-Level Positions 12 Careers With Great Entry-Level PositionsWhen you start a new career, you want there to be a decent starting salary and good prospects for future growth. So which career fields can deliver that?Are you graduating from college and looking to start a new career? What if you’re stuck in a career you hate and want to make a change? Either way, you’re probably looking for a solid entry-level position. One that comes with decent starting pay and solid career prospects down the line. The only question now is … which one you should choose?Well, okay, there are a couple more questions than that. But if you’re wondering what kind of careers come with good positions on the ground level, then you’ve come to the right place. We reached out to a whole host of industry professionals and career experts to get their recommendations. Here’s what they had to say 1. ActuaryIf you don’t know what an actuary is, youre not alone. The job primarily consists of using data and statistics to de termine risk and help set insurance premiums. And so long as you don’t have a phobia of test-taking, it can make for a great careerâ€"even at an entry-level!Frank Huang is a consulting actuary with  Merlinos Associates. Here was how he described the day-to-day work life and career prospects for an entry-level actuary:An entry-level actuary’s life is split up into two partsâ€"at work, and outside of work. At work, the entry-level actuary may receive some formal training but most learning is done on-the-job. Senior actuaries will provide the entry-level actuary work, and teach the concepts and skills necessary to complete the work as they go. Almost all of this work will be in front of a computer, likely on Microsoft Excel, Word, Access or some other computational software. This represents probably seven hours out of a traditional eight-hour workday.“The remaining one hour at work is spent in the same way an entry-level actuary’s outside-of-work time will be spentâ€"studying to pass actuarial exams. Employers will pay entry-level actuaries to study for that one hour a day, but the diligent entry-level actuary will spend a few hours every day outside of work also studying. In general, an actuary needs to study around 400 hours to pass a four-hour exam. Exams are usually administered twice a year, so an entry-level actuary will work his/her eight-hour day and then study a few hours outside of the office for roughly eight months out of the year. The average actuary will do this for seven years before completing all the exams.“Although the tunnel is long, the light at the end is a bright one. Per industry salary surveys, a newly credentialed actuary can make between $100,000 and $200,000 in total compensation, while still working relatively stable 40-50 hour work weeks. Salaries also increase significantly over time, as a credentialed actuary with 10-15 years can earn up to $150,000 to $350,000 annually. Because of the excellent compensation and favorable work-life balance, the actuarial profession is consistently ranked  as the top or one of the top careers in the world.”Like many jobs that come with good salaries, a career as an actuary is going to mean buckling down and working hard. If that sounds like something you’re up for, then you should check it out!2. MarketingSo long as companies make products or provide services, they’re going to need employees to market them to other people. It’s a thriving industry with a clear career path and some pretty decent starting salaries. Plus, its pretty ideal if youre looking to make a career change.Here’s what Matt Dodgson, Director at the U.K. company  Market Recruitment  had to say:“Marketing is a great industry in which to jumpstart or make a new change in your career path. I say this for several reasons. Marketing is industry-agnostic. Every company has a product or service that will require marketing in some form. Some examples include consumer research, developing and imp lementing promotions, and PR in general.“There is a clear career trajectory. Marketing has a well-traveled and known development path. Careers tend to start in the project coordinator position, then graduate into a manager position, which finally evolves into a Vice President or even Chief Marketing Officer position. Over the course of 20 years, a person can start out with a salary of $35,000/year and end in CMO/VP position that makes north of $160,000/year.“You dont have to be a recent graduate to start. I have worked with people 10+ years in a different industry break into marketing. For example, I recently worked with someone retiring from the military to find an entry-level marketing job that still offered a comparable and compelling salary. There are so many online courses people can access to help make them more marketable as a viable candidate.”Dodgson also offered a handful of entry-level marketing positions, including social media coordinator, PR coordinator, event ma rketing coordinator.3. CopywriterKetan Kapoor is the Co-Founder and CEO of  Mettl, and HR technology company. He recommended copywriting as a good career that comes with high demand and solid entry-level prospects.“Companies put in a lot of efforts to develop a standalone product, but in the age of marketing influencing purchasing decisions, just the product specifications aren’t sufficient,” he said. “The products need to be promoted through catchy and attractive words that seem to provide instant solutions to the customer’s problems. That’s the role of a copywriter.”“The best part about being a copywriter is that it’s not necessary to have highly specialized and specific skills to be good at words,” he continued. “It comes naturally to you if you are inherently adept in saying effective things with minimal words to make the products stand out. They write client-facing literature like brochures, website taglines, company vision, their brand story, leaflets, an d other printing material.”“As you go on practicing your craft with different clients and companies, you only become better,” he added. “And the icing on the cake? It’s one area hitherto untouched by advancing technologies like AI. AI can still not write effective short copies to represent what a brand stands for.”4. Web designerKapoor also recommended a career in Web Design:“With many organizations, SMBs, and physical stores making swift leaps to be available on the digital space, web designing and maintenance has come to occupy a major share of business investments for companies.“The visual story that a website says goes far beyond what’s visibleâ€"the colors say a lot about industry and market a company is catering to, the easy user interface, and the placement of important click-to-action buttons for greater business revenues. Its all a part of how a website is developed. And that’s why web design promises a rewarding career and a good salary with little effo rts on your partâ€"maybe a certification available either free or at nominal prices which helps you gain a basic understanding of web designing.“Moreover, in later part of your career, you can go on to improve and be proficient in the web designing aspect which, apart from working with organizations, can help you take up some projects independently and earn yourself a handsome paycheck and good working experience.”5. The oil and gas industry.Jason Lavis is a partner webmaster at  drillers.com, a resource and careers site for the oil and gas industry. He made a compelling case for why folks should look to the industry for entry-level opportunities. Here were his three main reasons why oil and gas is a great place to start in a new career:“Firstly, due to the cyclical nature of the industry, when business is going well, there are always worker shortages. This means that securing a position is much easier than in more stable industries. Getting an entry-level oil and gas job is relatively easy.“Second, many of the titans of the energy industry worked their way up from the bottom. Roughly half of the high-level jobs in the industry are held by those with a degree, half are not. This is close to being a meritocracy in comparison to so many careers that have an educational glass ceiling.“Lastly, salaries are really good, even at low-level roles. Workers can be properly rewarded for the hard work that they put in, unlike in apprenticeships or dead-end jobs.”6. LibrariesThis is probably not a career you expected to see on this list. Frankly, neither did we! But when Jeffrey Naftal, Director of Human Resources for  Prince Georges County Memorial Library System  reached out to us with his thoughts on the industry, we couldn’t deny that it sounded promising.“I would argue that working in a library is a great place to start a career,” he said.  â€œOur entry-level circulation positions do not even require a college degree and our entry-level information staff require a simple bachelors degree.  Of course, to be a full librarian (at least in MD) you need a Master of Library Science (MLS), but we have many staff who are content to stay at the entry level for their entire career.”“Aside from solid pay,” he continued, “libraries offer good benefits and a career path on both the circulation and information side as well as non-branch positions in materials management and programming. I highly recommend public libraries for those just starting out on a career.”And now so do we!7. B2B salesAs the way we live and work continues to evolve with the digital times, it might seem like a traditional career as a consumer-facing salesman is becoming obsolete. But when it comes to salesmen who sell from one business to another, the career prospects (not to mention the potential paydays) are far stronger.“Sales in the B2B market is a highly promising career and one with colossal possibilities where you can go on to head the entire sales teams of the organization,” said Kapoor. “Selling, highly conjectured as an art, is truly a science.“If you come to understand the nuances of it and your learning momentum increases with time, you can come to master sales to a T. Sales skills are highly relevant and popular in the industry and you can think of a long-term career in this profile.”8. 3D Printing, robotics, and more.Author and  FabLab Hub  Founder Sarah Boisvert is an expert on the changing nature of work. In a world where machines and computer programs are rapidly overtaking jobs traditionally performed by humans, things are evolving faster than ever.And while these technological advances are rending some old jobs obsolete, they’re also creating entirely new career fields.“New technologies such as 3D Printing, robotics, CAD design,  and AI are offering entry-level jobs in manufacturing which has a desperate need for operators and technicians for these New Collar jobs,” said Boisvert.“Many of these job s don’t require a degree, and paid on-the-job training is available in some industries.  IBM reports that as many as one-third of their manufacturing staff do not have a college degree.Boisvert writes extensively about these issues in her book, The New Collar Workforce.9. Customer serviceIf you’re looking for a career with low barriers to entry, good prospects for advancement, and decent pay, you could also look into becoming a customer service representative. According to Deborah Sweeney, CEO of  MyCorporation.com, these positions make for great entry-level jobs:Its the kind of position that allows you to grow upwards in a business and bring a lot of skills to the table,” she said. “You learn how to interact with all types of individuals, help solve problems, and can educate yourself on the company youre working for and its offerings.10. Software developerKapoor had one last career to recommend, one that comes good pay and sunny prospects for entry-level workers.“There†™s been a massive boom in the number of mobile apps and software applications that makes our lives easier in a few touch and swipes. Tith that, there’s a huge demand for software developers in a lot of industries which also pay well and offer a lucrative career opportunity,” he said.“With a basic degree in engineering and little to no specialization in any industry, you could end up becoming a top-earning software development professional in different dimensions like maintenance, development, research, and testing.”11. Assistant“The best entry-level job for you depends mostly on the career path you are looking to take,”  said HR Consultant Steve Pritchard with  Cuuver.com. “The key is to get a job where you can learn the key skills that will help you eventually land your dream job,”That’s why Pritchard didn’t recommend a specific career field. Instead, he recommended a specific position: assistants.“Assistant positions generally make the best entry-level jobs, ” he said. “This gives you hands-on experience in the area you’re interested in, while continually learning about what it takes to succeed in the profession.He even offered some examples: “An aspiring digital marketer would benefit from a social media assistant role, an aspiring teacher would benefit from becoming a teaching assistant and someone interested in a career in healthcare could apply for a medical assistant role.”“You will learn about how to deal with the admin of the role on a daily basis, and gradually begin to understand what it will take to deal with the more significant responsibilities from your manager, who will provide you with their expertise,” Pritchard continued.“The nature of these positions means you will always have plenty of room for career progression; they also tend to provide respectable starting salaries for those looking to embark on their new career.”12. StartupsThis is another recommendation that speaks less to a specific type of ca reer, and more the kind of environment wherein you choose to work. That having been said, we can’t really argue with the case made by Nina Krol, Outreach Manager at career site  Zety  for why startups a great place to launch a career.“I see startups as a really good start off point for graduates and entry-level job seekers,” she said. “Hiring for a startup looks slightly different than filling the already known job positions. The activities we perform are very often infused with innovative solutions and ideas.She mentioned a few entry level-positons that rely more on an individuals drive and on-the-job learning than on previous work experience: SEO, research, junior IT positions, social media marketing.We like to create job positions that can evolve and change in time to adjust to the pace of a fast-growing company. Therefore we often choose to hire young, talented people, often graduates that bring their fresh ideas, creativity, and enthusiasm into the role.We couldn’t ag ree more! Then again, we’re also a startup, so we might be a little biased: We think we’re a great place to work. And not to brag, but Glassdoor, Inc. Magazine, The Chicago Tribune, and Built In Chicago all agree! For more information, visit our careers page.If you enjoyed this article, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 College Majors That Will Get You PaidIf You Work One of These 5 Jobs, the Robots Are Coming for YouThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big PromotionWhat questions do you have about career-related issues?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsSarah Boisvert is the author of  The New Collar Workforce,  a book that reveals the skills manufacturers urgently need for workers to operate and service new technologies such as 3D Printers, robotics, and CAD design.  It also suggests skill-specific alternative training programs that emphasize building problem-solving skills and innovative critical thinking.  Sarah has worked in laser micromachining and contract manufacturing for 30 years and has developed a Digital Badge training program for New Collar job skills.  Her company,  FabLab Hub (@FabLabHub), is a part of the international Fab Lab Network of 1600 labs created at the Center for Bits and Atoms at MIT.Matt  Dodgson  is one of the founders of  Market Recruitment (@Marketrec), a UK-based recruiting company focused exclusively on helping B2B and tech companies find marketers for their hard-to-fill roles. When not working,  Matt  loves competing in triathlons (he’s completed 3 Ironmans) and spending time with his wife and two daughters.Frank  Huang  is a consulting actuary at  Merlinos Associates  with 15 years of experience that has spanned insurance carriers, consulting firms, and private companies.   His focus is on helping companies with material property/casualty insurance risks and operations run more efficiently and profitably, through more accurate risk quantification, more optimal and less costly insurance coverage, and tailored predictive analytics solutions. Mr.  Huang  is also one of the leaders of the firm’s workers’ compensation consulting practice.Ketan  Kapoor is the  CEO and co-founder of Mettl, an HR technology company and leading talent measurement firm that enables businesses to make precise people decisions in Talent Recruitment, management,  and training across industry verticals.Nina  Krol is the Community Manager at Zety  (@zety_com),  a startup company and  one of the fastest-growing career advice sites in the World. Nina  helps companies utilize targeted content to increase their online exposure through  content management, marketing strategy,  and community relationship management.Jason  Lavis  worked in sales and marketing for over twenty years, and then switched to entrepreneurship for the last ten. Currently involved in three small companies involved in digital marketing for the energy indus try, and recruitment training. Partner at  drillers.com (@drillersdotcom), Managing Director of Out of the Box Innovations Ltd. and Marketing Director at Natural Resource Professionals Ltd. Personal strengths include copywriting, marketing strategy, and remote team building.Jeffrey Naftal has spent his career in public service, working for cities, counties,  and non-profits.   A  SHRM Senior Certified Professional, Jeff has experience in all areas of human resources from recruiting to benefits to training to managing HR technology.   He has been with the Prince Georges County Memorial Library System (@PGCMLs) for two and a half years.Steve  Pritchard  is an experienced HR consultant who has worked in HR positions at a number of companies, including the insurance comparison site  Cuuver.com (@cuuver).  Steve  has a strong knowledge of the HR profession, with expertise in recruitment, employee management,  and performance analysis, and has provided advice on a number of complex HR is sues and topics.Deborah Sweeney (@deborahsweeney) is the CEO of MyCorporation.com (@mycorporation). MyCorporation is a leader in online legal filing services for entrepreneurs and businesses, providing start-up bundles that include corporation and LLC formation, registered agent, DBA, and trademark copyright filing services. MyCorporation does all the work, making the business formation and maintenance quick and painless, so business owners can focus on what they do best.

The Star-spangeled Side of Cold War - 2632 Words

DROP SHOT: The Star-Spangled Side of Cold War I dont know what weapons will be used during World War III, but Im sure that during World War IV only sticks and stones will be used. Albert Einstein INTRODUCTION The so-called Cold War between the United States and The Soviet Union started after Winston Churchills Fulton speech in August 16, 1945 and in fact ended only when the USSR collapsed. The Cold War was a period of tense relationship between the two countries and not once the world stood at the brink of World War III. However the American interpretation of history turns the Soviet Union into an evil aggressor, meanwhile the United States did their best to defense their country and democracy around the world. Ask any†¦show more content†¦The cities were chosen on following criteria 1) productive capacity, mostly of aircrafts and other weapon 2) presence of administrative and governmental institutions 3) presence of science- research institutions. Moscow, Gorky, Kuybishev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Saratov, Kazan, Leningrad, Baku, Tashkent, Chelyabinsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Magnitigorsk, Perm, Tbilisi, Novokuznetsk, Grozny, Irkutsk and Yaroslavl were in that list. 13 000 000 peop le would die in the result of such attack, not to mention the ecological catastrophe that would follow. On February 22nd 1946 US Ambassador in the USSR Kennan sent an 8000 word long telegram which is considered to be the corner stone in estimation of USSR. In it he described Soviet Union as a political force which is fanatical sure that there can not be no long term modus vivendi with the USA. He assured that this should be the main point Washington should consider in building any relationship with Moscow. This forced the officials of Truman cabinet to start something of a competition on who will create a better punishment for the USSR. On September 24th, 1946 Trumans special assistant Clifford presented a special report American Policy Towards Soviet Union. Here are some fragments from it. Adepts of force understand nothing but force... We must point to Soviet Union that that we possess enough power not only for defense, but for a quick smash of Soviet Union during war. Soviet

Essay on The Global Manager - 2912 Words

The Global Manager The rapid growth of globalization has created a boundary less organization. To manage such an organization, there is a need for a global manager, one who manages across distances, countries and cultures. Considered by some authors to be a myth, wider research, readings and understanding suggest its existence. There are certain criteria which define a global manager, which are truly essential to successful manage in the international context. These managers are invaluable to the organization as they provide the competitive edge. However, there has been shortage of such global managers due to the recruitment of such managers only from the home country of the organization. This is created a limited pool of†¦show more content†¦As companies become more global minded, the need for managers with global perspective, international experience and skills that translate well to broader global context has increased. These new breed of managers, known as global managers, are those who manage across multiple time zones, country infrastructures, and cultural expectations. A major challenge facing many multinational firms to successfully compete and grow in worldwide markets is the recruitment and development of a cadre of good managers with a global mindset who can succeed in the international market place. Various studies have been conducted in order to come up with the criteria that constitute a global manager, based on skills, capabilities and knowledge. A recent research conducted by the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), a nonprofit educational institution, identified some essential managing capabilities to successfully manage the challenges of the global business environment. These managerial capabilities are similar but different when applied in a global setting and include decision making, planning, managing people, motivating others, leadership, managing action and information, stress management, and having business knowledge. In addition to these managerial capabilities, the research identified four pivotal capabilities uniquely related to effective global managers. The first one being the superior knowledgeShow MoreRelatedWhat Is a Global Manager2649 Words   |  11 Pagesand could converse in several languages, hut he was less familiar with Corning and its businesses. In contrast, ITT decided to set up a massive educational program to globalize all managers responsible for its worldwide telecommunications husiness-in essence, to replace its national specialists with global generalists. Corning and ITT eventually realized they had taken wrong turns. 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ICT Specification for a spreadsheet for the Hairdressing business Free Essays

The specification points are very useful because they are like a shopping list and help us to make sure we follow a list of requirements that are important in order for us to ensure that the system that we will create will be able to do certain things in the list below. To have a list of specification points so that when it comes to planning and creating the spreadsheet it will be much easier for us. The list below is extra support and a helpful list to guiding me when I create the spreadsheet for the Hairdressing business. We will write a custom essay sample on ICT Specification for a spreadsheet for the Hairdressing business or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Allows creating a booking system for example an easy way to organise all the clients in a useful way for example in alphabetical order. The booking system is able to store and organise the clients details in alphabetical order this can be done by left clicking ascending order. 1. The system should be allowed to create queries such as multiple criteria or simple search criteria search. To help find for only certain clients that I need to find for example if I there is a discount on women’s haircuts so then I will need to identify only females in the system. Queries can be made on the system for example multiple or simple searches. This will help to identify the people that are only needed to find. 1. I will have a validation rule to minimise errors in the database. E.g. presence check or a formula checks in the system. Validation rules have been entered to reduce the amount of errors occurring in the database system In order to keep the records correct and up to date. 1. The system must be able to have a print button and save the work quickly and easily I will have a print or save button. The system I have created will have a print button on it. 1. I should be able to edit for example to delete old clients and store details and keep record of the data and keep record up to data and recent. Records on the table are able to be stored deleted and kept up to date on the recent data. 1. Include a menu page for the system to make it easy to navigate from page to page and this should help get us easily from page top page. My system has a menu page in order to help to ease the use of navigation 1. Include a primary key to give clients in the system a unique number so it will be easy to find him or her with reference to that specific unique number that is supplied to them in the system. The primary key has been put on the booking ID field because this is recognised to be the key field. 1. To have a back up strategy in case the system is hacked into or is lost or damaged so the back up program is a USB or a CD containing the program/system on it and their details. The information has been stored on my USB and that there is anti-virus is stored to prevent any data or memory loss. 1. To have tables and then link the tables together by relationships and this should make it easier for the user to navigate from page to page quickly. Relationships have been attached to both the tables the Customer details table and the Appointment booking table. 1. I will create a form that will make it another way of presenting the information to the user or the receptionist. Forms will be created to help make the reading of the details and the information easier for the person using it. The testing that we had previously carried out helped to improve my system and the evaluation has helped to make sure that all the criteria of the specification points have been met. The specification points have helped me to carry out the task as a whole more efficiently and to make sure it has appeared on my database the way I have wanted it to turn out. Testing made sure that all the specification points were all able to be fulfilled and achieved but at the same time realistic in order for me to carry them out efficiently. The new database system can now carry out some new and amazing functions it can now make the spreadsheet function well. For the database I have made macros/ navigation buttons to help make moving from one table to another much more simpler and easier. The Database will help me to store my information and store the data precisely in ascending order. There have not been many problems that have occurred from the database that I have created because the database that’s been created has hardly and errors and is functioning well it seems to be making good progress. The database has been made with the purpose to help to make sure that the new Hair Salon will be able to function properly. The two tables that I have created will help me to quickly find out which appointments have been appointed for which person and which person and the customer details have been sorted to keep them safe and in a more reliable way. This also makes it easier to view the information for each customer. How to cite ICT Specification for a spreadsheet for the Hairdressing business, Papers

The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kr Essay Research free essay sample

The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kr Essay, Research Paper The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz The novel Duddy Kravitz is based in Montreal, Canada during the late nineteenth and early 20th century. The cardinal characteristics of the work by Mordecai Richler that strikes me, is that during this period possessing land was really of import to people in Canada. Canada usage to hold lands divided amongst the category and race of the people. A adult male without land is a cipher is an of import statement giving by Duddy s gramps. Duddy ; hence, was in hunt of a piece of land to have. The images that stands out the most is how Duddy is a immature male child, who ever wants to be person he is non. His changeless shave to acquire a beared and the manner he acts shows he wants to be an grownup. This fresh makes me believe about my hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kr Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you stick by your dreams, you can carry through it. Don t allow anyone acquire in your manner. This novel makes me experience more concern and scared about my hereafter. Duddy is the same age as myself in the novel and knows what he wants. I don t even know what I want or do with my life. It puts me in a optimistic temper about my approaching old ages and the picks I have to get down doing. What I like about T his novel is that Duddy is a determined and strong character. He does non give up on his ends and does whatever necessary to carry through them. What I did non like about the novel is that some of the chapters were confounding to understand. It went to another scene or different characters without a smooth debut which confuses me. I was still anticipating to go on off with the old chapter. The fresh reminds me of my uncle. He was determined to travel back to school and didn Ts allow anything halt him. My positions did alteration as I read the novel. Before I believed you are the 1 who makes yourself the manner you are. Peoples that come into your life are the 1s who changes you and makes you the manner you are. The thoughts that challenged me by reading this novel is how we handle our relationships towards the 1s we love and the 1s we hate. My overall response to Duddy Kravitz is that its an enjoying and larning experience novel. Life does hold a significance, and we are here for a ground. Sometimes one time you have fulfilled the dreams and ends we want, we loose things in return. That s how life is. We merely have to cover with it. Material things are non everything and friends and household are much more of import.

While I was Gone essays

While I was Gone essays While I Was Gone was written by Sue Miller in 1999. The book was published by Alfred A. Knope, Inc in New York. This novel belonged in the genre of Fiction. The novel was relayed in memory when Jo was remembering her days with Eli and everyone in the house. This was about middle age and how people can get stir crazy. If someones life is familiar and comfortable for too long, he/she starts to yearn for something more. When that opportunity comes along he/she will be so startled that he/she jumps at the chance. Jo Becker thought she had gotten rid of this desire to do different and exciting things. When a man from Jos past arrived in her present life she was startled at first. Then she began to feel restless with her life because of a possibility of a new chapter in her life beginning. Jo went for this chance and almost ruined her life, as she had known it for so long. During this struggle she learned many lessons on life. While I Was Gone was written in the first person. Sue Miller chose to write the novel from this perspective to get the reader more into Jos character. Sue could not have titled the book While I Was Gone if she had written in third person. If a reader reads a novel that is in first person they feel connected with that character. When something bad happened to Jo, the reader felt her pain. Some readers may have had emotions towards Jo that werent what Jo was feeling. First person is also easier for writers to get into. Sue Miller only had to tell the story from Jos perspective and did not have to worry about anything beyond her vision. This was what made the readers connect with Jo so much. Throughout Jos life she ran. She ran away as a child, she ran away as a young adult, and at this point in her life she just wanted to run again. It seemed like the affair was just her unknowing way. Jo and Eli were similar. They both had something that they were holding in. They were goin...

What Does It Mean to Be Agnostic

What Does It Mean to Be Agnostic SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In 2018, Scientific American published an article titled â€Å"The Number of Americans with No Religious Affiliation Is Rising,† which looked at the rising number of Americans who don’t identify with any religion. In 2018, a survey done by the Pew Research Center found 34 to 36 percent of millennials identify as atheist, agnostic, or just â€Å"nothing in particular.† While most people have a general understanding of atheism, agnosticism can be a little more confusing since it falls in the grey area between total belief and total disbelief in the existence of a higher power and/or God. In this article, we’ll explore what it means to be agnostic.First, we’ll define the term agnostic and talk about what agnosticism looks like in practice, then we’ll dive into the differences between being agnostic vs. atheist. Finally, we’ll share a list of famous people who are agnostics. So let’s get started! Agnostic Definition: Understanding the Origin of the Term Let’s take a moment to define agnostic. The term was first coined by English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley in 1884, who coined the term â€Å"agnostic† to refer to people who: â€Å"...confess themselves to be hopelessly ignorant concerning a variety of matters, about which metaphysicians and theologians, both orthodox and heterodox, dogmatise with the utmost confidence.† For Huxley, being agnostic meant recognizing that you couldn’t confidently believe in- or disbelieve in- the orthodoxy of religion or metaphysics. Huxley’s idea is still a key piece of what it means to be agnostic today. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, theagnostic definition is "a person who holds the view that any ultimate reality (such as God) is unknown and probably unknowable.† In other words, someone who is agnostic is â€Å"not committed to believing in either the existence or non-existence of God,† a god, gods, or some sort of higher power. So what does this mean, exactly? To understand it, we first have to look at what it means to believe in a god. Many of the world’s major religions- like Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism- believe that there is a higher power that controls the universe and orchestrates the events in a person’s life. These religions believe this higher power is incredibly powerful and transcendent, meaning that it’s totally beyond man’s comprehension. While these religions disagree about the particulars of who and/or what god is, they all agree on one thing: the universe was created by a higher power, which continues intervene in both the world and human life. When someone is agnostic, however, that person neither believes nor disbelieves that there is any sort of higher power. In other words, agnostics aren’t persuaded by arguments that there is a God (or gods, as the case may be)...nor are they convinced arguments that God doesn’t exist. More importantly, they believe that the existence of a higher power cannot be proven or disproven, just like Huxley explained back in 1884. In short, if you answer the question â€Å"Does God exist?† with â€Å"I don’t know,† you’re probably agnostic! The 3 Categories of Agnosticism The term â€Å"agnostic† refers to being in the middle between belief and unbelief in god(s), which makes it a catch-all term for anyone who isn’t sure whether there is or isn’t a higher power. But that doesn’t explain why agnostics think the way they do! That’s why philosophers tend to break agnosticism down into three distinct categories, which we’ll talk about below. Category 1: Strong Agnosticism Strong agnostics- which are sometimes called hard or absolute agnostics- believe that there is no way that anyone can know, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that God exists. In the same way, they don’t believe that anyone can totally, 100 percent prove that God doesn’t exist, either! That’s because we can only know what we experience, which means our belief in God is subjective rather than objective. Here’s what we mean. A verifiable, provable, objective observation is something that- through verifiable science or universal experience- everyone can see is true. A good example of an objective fact is that the sun rises and sets every day in most parts of the world. Even without scientific calculations to verify that this happens, it’s a universally observable phenomenon. That’s why everyone can agree that it happens! Because of that, you can think of the sun rising and setting as an objective fact. A subjective observation is one that relies on a person’s individual thoughts, perspectives, and feelings about a subject. For example, think of someone you know that hates spicy food. For them, eating spicy food is an uncomfortable- and maybe even painful!- experience, so they steer clear of anything with hot peppers in it. You, however, might live for spicy food, so much so that you add hot sauce to pretty much everything you eat! Neither you nor the other person is wrong...it’s just that you’ve had different subjective experiences that impact the way you think about habaà ±ero peppers. And that’s the difference between an objective observation and a subjective one: subjective observations only hold true for the person who experiences them. Strong agnostics believe there is no way for anyone to prove, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that God neither exists or doesn’t exist. That means that any argument people make for one side or the other are using subjective arguments to try and prove their point. And because those depend on a person’s unique beliefs, thoughts, and experiences, they aren’t objective...which means that neither side’s arguments about the existence of a higher power can’t be considered â€Å"fact.† Weak agnosticism doesn't mean that it breaks under pressure. It has more to do with whether the existence of God can ever be proven! Category 2: Weak Agnosticism Weak agnosticism- which is also known as mild or open agnosticism- agrees with strong agnosticism in that they believe no one currently knows whether a higher power exists. But weak agnostics believe that just because something cannot be proven right now doesn’t mean it can never be proven! Germ theory is a good example of how previously unprovable ideas can become fact. In 1546, an Italian scholar named Girolamo Fracastoro wrote that epidemic diseases were caused by tiny, seed-like organisms called seminaria morbi that were spread by touch or by air. It would take another 300 years before scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch would prove Fracastoro’s hypothesis about germs was correct! Just because Fracastoro couldn’t prove his idea was right in 1546 didn’t mean it would never be proven correct...which is the same idea behind weak agnosticism. Thus, people who are weak agnostics are agnostic because they’re waiting on objective evidence. They don’t believe that the answer to this question will forever be unknowable...they just think the answer isn’t knowableyet. In many ways, weak agnostics can be seen as â€Å"withholding judgement† on whether God exists until undeniable facts can be brought to the table. Category 3: Apathetic Agnosticism The third category of agnosticism is apathetic agnosticism. Like the first two schools of agnosticism, apathetic agnostics also believe that there is no proof that a higher power does or doesn’t exist. But unlike strong and weak agnostics, apathetic agnostics believe that in the end, it doesn’t matter. Here’s why: apathetic agnostics believe that any God (or gods) that may exist seem to be completely unconcerned with the well-being of the world or its inhabitants. They point to issues like war, famine, and ecological destruction...and the lack of observable divine intervention. Thus, apathetic agnostics believe that since any higher power that might exist isn’t intervening in the people’s affairs, it doesn’t matter whether that entity exists or not. They think of the debate about God as an academic exercise rather than one that has any real-world impact. While there are agnostic groups you can join, agnostics don't worship or have services like theists (or believers in God) do. How Does Someone Practice Agnosticism? Because agnostic is a label for people who neither believe or don’t believe in a higher power, the term serves as a broad category that encompasses people from all races, classes, and walks of life. In that way, agnosticism is known for inclusivity. Because agnosticism doesn’t have a set of rules and rituals that a person can practice, it’s easier to understand agnosticism as a way of thinking rather than a system of belief. (Those fall more in line with organized religion, which as we mentioned earlier, falls on the â€Å"belief† side of the â€Å"does a higher power exist?† equation.) That means that you probably aren’t going to find specifically â€Å"agnostic† buildings or group services in your town like you might for specifically religious organizations. (There are, however, agnostic organizations that you can join, like Atheist and Agnostic Unitarian Universalists or the Center for Inquiry.) Just like these shoes, atheism and agnosticism have a lot in common...but they aren't exactly the same! Agnostic vs Atheist: What’s the Difference? Now that you know more about agnosticism, you’re probably wondering about what makes it different from atheism. The answer is actually pretty straight-forward: Merriam-Webster defines an atheist as â€Å"a person who does not believe in the existence of a god or any gods† or â€Å"one who subscribes to or advocates atheism.† In other words, whereas agnostics are uncertain about the existence (or non-existence) of God, atheists don’t believe any god exists. Unlike agnostics, who answer the question â€Å"Does God exist?† with â€Å"I don’t know,† atheists answer the same question with a solid â€Å"no.† Like agnosticism, atheism can be broken down into subcategories based on why a person does not believe in the existence of a higher power. Strong atheists (sometimes called â€Å"positive† atheists) firmly assert that there is no God, gods, or controlling higher power. Strong atheists are so firm in their stance that they consider God’s non-existence to be fact. Weak atheists, which are sometimes called â€Å"negative† atheists, also don’t believe in the existence of any higher power. However, unlike strong atheists who actively believe that the non-existence of God(s) is fact, weak atheism is better understood as the absence of a belief in a higher power. While weak atheists don’t believe in God, they also don’t assert there are no God(s) as a fact. Someone who is a weak atheist might sum up their beliefs like this: â€Å"I don’t believe there is a higher power, but I cannot say for 100 percent certain that there isn’t a higher power. I just know that the arguments in favor of God’s existence aren’t persuasive, so I don’t believe God exists.† Now go back and look at the definitions for strong and weak agnosticism. You’ll notice that the key difference between atheism and agnosticism hinges on their position on God’s existence. While both strong and weak atheists believe that there is no God(s), agnostics of all varieties believe that there’s no way to know whether God is real. Because of that, agnostics neither believe nor disbelieve that a higher power exists, whereas atheists believe that no higher power exists. 6 Famous Agnostics Although the tension between atheism and religion gets the most press, there are plenty of people who fall into the middle, grey area of agnosticism. Here are some famous people who self-identify as agnostic: Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906): women’s rights activist and suffragette Carrie Fisher (1956-2016): actress, screenwriter, and author Neil Gaiman (1960-present): novelist, screenwriter, and comic book author Brad Pitt (1963-present): actor and film producer Albert Einstein (1879-1955): theoretical physicist Warren Buffett (1930-present): Business mogul and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Now What? Are you thinking about using your experience with agnosticism as a topic for one of your college admissions essays? Be sure to check out our step-by-step essay guide to make sure you’re writing an essay that will catch the admission committee’s attention! If you’re not sure what a good college admissions essay looks like, don’t worry. Here’s a list of 101 essay examples with expert analysis to get you started on the right foot. But what are college admissions committees, anyway? Get to know more about what a college admissions committee is, and its role in the admissions process, here.

Definition of Faith Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of Faith - Research Paper Example The Bible describes faith as â€Å"substance of things that are hope for and also as the evidence of things that cannot be seen. The description of the Bible shows that faith entails believing that something will happen and also the fact that there is confidence in something that exists even if it cannot be seen. Faith, therefore, focuses on religious issues and sacred believes that certain things like God exist even if we cannot see Him. This leads to beliefs in the existence of God and the infinite wonders of nature that were created. It also expresses confidence that a certain idea, person or a thing is true and should be trusted without a doubt. The fact that people also have confidence in another human being or a thing reveals acts of faith. There are also principles and doctrines that are held as true especially by believers and the express faith and loyalty towards a certain being, idea or a thing. Thus faith can be described as a strong and unwavering belief that something i s real even without evidence (Deighton 73). Faith is not only based on religious practices but also on scientific explanations and events that affect the lives of human beings. For instance, in science, there are certain things that people believe they exist but they have never seen them. Electricity is one of the examples that can be outlined. People believe in the existence of electricity but they have never seen it. The universe is full of inspiring infinite and complicated phenomena that have been extensively been outlined to people through the use of books and other resources. However, since the knowledge of human beings constitutes a small fraction of the universe’s knowledge, people are made to believe in the existence of various phenomena through the construction of certain perspectives in their minds to form the picture of the  universe.

Analysis of the economic arguments of an independent central bank Essay

Analysis of the economic arguments of an independent central bank - Essay Example The Latin American inflations are fable material with inflation rates sky rocketing often to 200% or more. In some extreme cases what was affordable at twilight became unaffordable by daylight. With complex and fine lending and borrowing of money as investible funds, interest rates have turned indicators that are pliable in the hands policy makers or dictators as the case may be.Government, myopic with political avarice, and desirous of sweeping hustings have dictated lower interest rates, keeping economic realities on window sills. This tended to raise up spending and then employment though only in the short term, but finally and in the medium to long term it caused severe inflationary pressures. Inflations were crippling when such spending was directed less towards real sector and more towards wasteful expenditure resulting in the physical output not meeting the heightened stock of money in circulation. It is at once natural for a political system to dictate manipulation of monetar y policy and maintain only a short run vision of popularity in or around the election period even risking higher inflation just because this option always was available to detractors or competitors for votes. The Keynesian prescriptions did not build a specific treatment of inflationary situations despite the fact that such situations had arisen. It was preoccupied with determination of the output levels and relied only on a simplistic analysis of inflation via media the demand and supply theory of money. Enunciation of the Phillips curve added a logical sequence to analysis of inflation. The Phillips curve, in its native form, posited a long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. However this causality has been reexamined and redefined theoretically and... This paper presents a thorough theoretical analysis of the varying role of central banks in an economy, in an attempt to find the optimal level of central bank`s independence from state. Central banks the world over have quiet but strong presences. With low public visibility they perform the most vital of functions with that of creating and putting into circulation legal tender money. As is known legal tender money serves as a means of payment, a unit of account and a store of value. The most preferred favoring an independent central bank is that the power to expend money should be separated or delinked substantially from the power to create money. In case these two capabilities converge we have spendthrift governments indulging in fiscal profligacy while the Central Bank simply acts as a 24/7 mint or currency printing house. While political masters may be tempted to manipulate monetary policy to suit their short term political objectives the Central banking professionals, having no such ulterior targets, nurture and design monetary policy generally on a long horizon. Protecting monetary policy decisions from State dictates can better assist the cause of lower inflation while a decent economic growth rate can be targeted concurrently. Short run considerations of political nature force the economy in bouts of uncontrolled accelerations which often turn uncontrollable and unsustainable. In nearly every major financial crisis political interference in financial sector regulation helped make a bad situation worse.

Essay example --

The Influence of social media on the modern teenager’s relationships What should a relationship be based on? Communication: this is fundamental in relationships because if there is no communication then there is no relationship. It is also the way to solve problems and bring up issues that can be attended too. We build a relationship using communication by interacting using common interests or opinions. Accepting differences: people are all different and the sooner we accept one another’s differences and tries to work with them the faster the relationship can advance. Realise differences and try to talk about them but if you cannot come to an agreement rather agree to disagree and try to respect one another’s view on the topic. Respect: without respect you can’t build a relationship. Respect is the foundation on which relationships are built and if there is no respect the relationship will be unstable. Trust: trust is fundamental for a relationships survival if you do not trust the other half in the relationship the relationship will fail as there will be a sense of insecurity. Trust is hard earned and easily lost. Sincerity: there will always be conflict within a relationship and you need to be able to apologise and realise when you are wrong. The sooner there is an apology the sooner the relationship can advance. Self-restraint: if you are going to say something make sure it will not offend the other person and rather not say it. To be able to practise self-restraint you need to be aware of each other’s differences. What forms of media are there to influence teenagers? Newspapers: this is an old type of media that informs us of the news that is happening in the world around us. It is a document that is issued daily c... ...ne another’s vulnerabilities, boundaries and you will not take the relationship for advantage. There will be happiness or feeling of contentment when you are together and you are easily able to enjoy one another’s company. You are able to express yourselves with ease and express exactly what you are feeling. You will want to be together and will be happy to spend time in each other’s company. With regards to romantic relationships you are able to show physical affection with ease as well as in front of others, this will show that you are both comfortable in the relationship. There will be a feeling of equality for both sides. These are all signs of a well-balanced relationship. All of the above points apply to all relationships be it social, romantic or even family relationships. Done by: Joshua Boucher 11JD - Please see following page for reference list. Essay example -- The Influence of social media on the modern teenager’s relationships What should a relationship be based on? Communication: this is fundamental in relationships because if there is no communication then there is no relationship. It is also the way to solve problems and bring up issues that can be attended too. We build a relationship using communication by interacting using common interests or opinions. Accepting differences: people are all different and the sooner we accept one another’s differences and tries to work with them the faster the relationship can advance. Realise differences and try to talk about them but if you cannot come to an agreement rather agree to disagree and try to respect one another’s view on the topic. Respect: without respect you can’t build a relationship. Respect is the foundation on which relationships are built and if there is no respect the relationship will be unstable. Trust: trust is fundamental for a relationships survival if you do not trust the other half in the relationship the relationship will fail as there will be a sense of insecurity. Trust is hard earned and easily lost. Sincerity: there will always be conflict within a relationship and you need to be able to apologise and realise when you are wrong. The sooner there is an apology the sooner the relationship can advance. Self-restraint: if you are going to say something make sure it will not offend the other person and rather not say it. To be able to practise self-restraint you need to be aware of each other’s differences. What forms of media are there to influence teenagers? Newspapers: this is an old type of media that informs us of the news that is happening in the world around us. It is a document that is issued daily c... ...ne another’s vulnerabilities, boundaries and you will not take the relationship for advantage. There will be happiness or feeling of contentment when you are together and you are easily able to enjoy one another’s company. You are able to express yourselves with ease and express exactly what you are feeling. You will want to be together and will be happy to spend time in each other’s company. With regards to romantic relationships you are able to show physical affection with ease as well as in front of others, this will show that you are both comfortable in the relationship. There will be a feeling of equality for both sides. These are all signs of a well-balanced relationship. All of the above points apply to all relationships be it social, romantic or even family relationships. Done by: Joshua Boucher 11JD - Please see following page for reference list.

Freemasonry’s Beliefs and Their Struggle for Secrecy

The extended essay project was done on the Masonic group of people who have been an influential part of history as a whole. In this essay I am going to explore the belief system of the group. As well as demonstrate why there is much controversy surrounding the group by expressing the opposing views. The Masons basically are a group of men that have shared feelings about brotherhood, morals and community progress. These men belong to the world's largest fraternity in the world. It spans all nations, races and religions. The group as a whole is very secret. For instance the origin and the time that this group was structured is still uncertain. Many actions and activities of the group are also low key. This makes the group very vulnerable for Anti-Masonic groups. Many famous and important people in the world have belonged to the Freemasons. When criminal acts or injustices in the community take place, the Anti-Masonic groups place blame on the masons. What was found out by the research is that the secrecy of the Masonic organization is to be kept at all times. Some times extreme measures are taken to insure its secrecy. Anti-Mason groups are detrimental to the survival of the group. They dampen their progress and lower their popularity rating with the public. It is an ongoing battle that doesn't seem like it will cease any time soon. There is a society in which many people belong. Many people are your everyday people; people that run the country, people that own business to people that pass you on the street. You wouldn't know they belong to this society because they are everyday people. This society has been around since the earliest of times. The members are dedicated to brotherly love, relief for the community and strong morals. More revealingly this group can be defined as a group of men, banded together in an exclusive lodge to advance, first and foremost, their personal interests and second, the interests of the community or other members of the group (Hoselton). If you know anyone that sounds like he fits this profile they might belong to Masonry also called Freemasonry. Masonry is touted as the world's oldest and largest fraternity. Freemasonry and Masonry are interchangeable words for the same organization, which has its roots in the medieval trade guilds of stonemasons. In Freemasonry the most widely used symbols are the tools of the stonemason, a square, compass and a level. The level for example is a symbol that are men are equal and on the same level. There are signs that point to the first congregation on this organization, which is back in 926 AD, when the first lodge documents were found. There are writings and evidence that date back to the late 17th century. There is no exact answer to when this society, lodge, group first originated. Even so Freemasonry was formally created in London in 1717. The ideas and beliefs quickly spread to the American colonies and across Europe. Today, there are probably four to six million men in the fraternity (Cambell). The Masons in the mid-seventeenth century were a secret society and since they were secret there was no historical document or writings. There are basically three theories that surround their existence before it became public. The first theory is that freemasonry is as ancient as the Masonic ritual claims. It was indeed created as a result of happenings at the building of king Solomon's temple and has been passed down to us through mechanisms unknown. The second theory that scientists believe is that the development of medieval stoneman's guilds, whereby Masonic skills with stone were translated into what masons call moral improvements. The third theory is that masons rituals originally come from the Order Of The Poor Fellow- soldiers of Christ and the temple of Solomon, now better known as the Knights of Templar (Knight). One thing you will learn is that there are no exact answers when it comes to the Masons. This society is held in high regard to its secrecy. The rules and regulations are very sacred and if one is not performed or is broken than severe penalty will be placed in action. The penalties are from removal from the society to death, depending on the act. These rules and guidelines are what gave man his sense of security and sense of well-being back in the times when the world was not as civilized as it was today. When the world was not as stable as it is today and lands were forever changing hands, masons were still united because it is widespread. Masonry is not confined to one race or nationality, creeds or faiths. This organization encompasses almost everyone. In Masonry there is a meeting place for the members. This place is called a lodge. There is a set hierarchy of Lodges. All the states in the U. S have a Highest ruling lodge, The Grand Lodge. This Grand Lodge is used as the presiding lodge over all of the small branches of lodges. The jurisdiction of a Lodge determines its exact beliefs and rules. There is no higher authority than the Grand Lodge of a state. Every month there is a specific meeting for the Master Masons. This once a month meeting is named a â€Å"business meeting† (Virginia). In the lodge religion is encouraged, nothing in particular, but Christianity is the most popular in the United States. Religion though, along with politics is strictly forbidden inside the lodge. Both subjects are very controversial and would cause too much of a divide between men. One of the beliefs that the Masons have is an interesting initiation ceremony. There are a few phases to complete this process but it is what is done to each new member. It has been carried out since the creation of the fraternity so now it is just a belief. The first phase of the ceremony is when the initiate must swear his allegiance to God and his fellow Masons. When that part of the ceremony is over the second part of the initiation begins. This way the initiate can become Master Mason. He is blindfolded and is asked to act out the part of Hiram Abiff. Hiram Abiff was the murdered master in a legend of the building of King Solomon's temple. This would be the exciting section of the initiation, where all the action takes place. He must refuse to tell secrets of the Freemasons and then he is hit and knocked to the floor. This is a reenactment of Hiram's death. The third step to the process is a few more points and symbols are explained in detail to him (Cambell). The Masons are also known as a secret society. Many beliefs that they hold are absolutely forbidden from non-members and also not all Masons can know everything. This is what gives the Masons its â€Å"secret society† name, not because its underground or a small gathering. The secrets started back in the earliest times when stonemasons had special trades that they kept from everyone else. There are many types of secrets that are held in the Mason group, many types of sciences and astrology. When a Mason starts to understand the organization and â€Å"probe his unconscious† these secrets are revealed to him. One belief that the Masons have that seems as though it would be outdated by now but is still intact is the admittance of only males. The lodges of today are available to only males who are at least nineteen years of age. To be more accommodative, a separate division of the Freemasons was developed. The Eastern Star was founded in 1850 and is a group for Master Masons or people properly related to Master Masons, including women. The relation can be wife, widow, sister, daughter, mother, granddaughter, stepmother, stepdaughter, stepsister, half sister, and recently, nieces, daughters-in-law, and grandmothers (Virginia). Basically anyone who is not permitted into the lodge meetings but has relation to a Master Mason can be admitted. The lodges are divided into chapters and there are eighteen offices to be filled in each chapter. Men or women can fill these positions. The head of the chapter is deemed the title Worthy Matron. To gain the membership required, each member must agree to belief in a supreme being. Although, the New and Old Testaments are both part of the five degrees. This makes the Eastern Star a particularly Christian group (Virginia). Since, the Eastern Star is a sort of division of the Masons, this must make them a particularly Christian group (Mackey). Since the Freemasons group of extreme size, controversies are always surrounding them. There is also a great deal of controversy that stems from the secretive nature of the Freemasons. Many prominent figures including founding fathers and presidents have been Masons, and in some cases Freemasons have been accused of giving other Masons unfair advantages in job promotion, and also controlling decisions in government by being a sort of underground government themselves (Virginia). A large part of joining the masons is having that advantage of job promotion over non-mason coworkers (Dumenil, 23). The biggest controversy concerning the Freemasons took place in the United States during the early 1800's. In 1826, one man decided he was going to publish a book that contained all of the secrets that's the Masonic society had hidden. This man was, Captain William Morgan, a regular member of the Masonic society. The place that the book was being published was burned to the ground and the Captain suddenly disappeared. There are many different endings to this story that go around today, but it is said that he was captured by the Masons and killed. Most Masons today say that is not what happened, but Morgan really left the country and went to Canada. It was noted by a anti-Masonic group that a year later the body was found in a harbor. Other accounts say that his body was never found. What the real truth may be is irrelevant. The fact that these stories set the Masons back a step in popularity is important part. There was even an anti-Masonic presidential candidate in the 1820's (Mackey and McClenachen, 508). Protecting secrets is not the only type of controversy that the Freemasons get into. Since they are so large they have contacts and members in all aspects of society. Masons are blamed and accused of all types of other functions and mishaps. During the presidential election of Quincy Adams and Jackson, Adams blamed the mason group when he was not chosen for the presidency. There are writings linking the Freemasons to President Lincoln's assassination, beliefs of Nazi Germany, the murder of Pope John Paul I, establishing the Ku Klux Klan, the Jack the Ripper Murders in England, the JFK assassination conspiracy, and many others (Virginia). All across the world different events have been blamed on their members. These actions might possibly be blamed on the Masons unrightfully. This might be due to their large size and underground secret society, which makes them an easy target to blame. Especially if there is no real suspect is unknown. Most of these accounts do not seem to have much well supported evidence. One thing that does lead one to believe a Mason might kill someone or cheat them out of a position in the work force is the type of penalties they enforce. The Masons preach that they are all about brotherly love and doing good deeds for their fellow members and the community around them; but when you read the types of penalties that they will enforce you have to second-guess the purpose of the group. If one of the members happens to slip and tell the secrets of Freemasonry there are many penalties. The penalties include very vulgar acts which are tearing one's tongue out by the roots, plucking one's heart from its breast, and having one's body cut in two with the entrails burned to ashes (Virginia). This type of language has caused much anti-Masonic sentiment. To be a part of the Mason society it is said that you need to believe in a higher power or god. It is not specified which one to believe in, it does not matter. This issue has some people disturbed; especially Catholics and Methodists who are historically opposed to Masonry. Roman Catholics ban masonry due to the types of oaths and its sincere secrecy. The Methodists have to condemned it as well for the same reasons. Christians have also been very disturbed by Masonry's mixing of beliefs. This would be both pagan and Christian beliefs together. Representing the Pagan solar gods are the Bible, the compass and the square. These are also the Three Great Lights of Masonry (Virginia). There are many other possible examples of mixing religions, which disturbs some members of Evangelical Christian churches (Cambell, 75-76). A recent controversy involves the history of the Freemasons. Some say that Freemasons didn't come from medieval stonemason unions. They have come to the presumption that it has emerged from the Knights of the Templar, a privileged class of soldier monks in Medieval Europe. The Knights were attacked by many authorities for their knowledge of the Muslim and Jewish religions, and in 1307, King Philippe IV of France ordered their arrest and a raid of their preceptories. They supposedly escaped to Scotland with all of their treasures and these scholars say that Freemasonry evolved from the Knights Templar traditions (Virginia). These ideas are offered instead of the stonemason history that the Freemasons tell (Knight). There are Masons at all levels of work force especially in the government. It helps when you are trying to get elected and you are a Mason; but even so there is also a drawback to being a Mason. There are always people who try to find the hole in the system and take what you have earned. For example in 1829, under public pressure, the New York state senate investigated freemasonry and reported that wealthy and powerful masons were found at every level of government. Opponents of President Andrew Jackson, who was a freemason, took advantage of the scandal to form the Anti-Masonic party, the first time a third party was created in the United States. Anti-Masonic candidates were successful in state and local elections but failed to unseat Jackson in 1832. By the late 1830's the Anti-Masonic party had turned to agitation against slavery and the strictly anti Jackson members joined the Whigs. This was a serious blow that took decades for the Masons to recover from (Dumenil). Most of these problems that the Freemasons have are due to the emergence of the Anti-Masonic society. Those who were not offered membership or could not obtain it had jealousy and greed grow inside them. The rest just didn't know how to become a member. The figured it was a group of elites that belong to a secret society and it was nothing but full of evil and conspiracies. This guessing game and non-members jealousy served as the fuel for igniting and inciting hatred for the unknown. The only thing left was for three groups to keep the fire burning. First of all, politicians used this to gain popularity, but making false accusations did this. Thurlow Weed was the most successful and most damaging in his use of the incident and to claim that he was the savior, â€Å"riding in on a shiny white horse† (MIT). William Seward of Auburn and Millard Fillmore of Moravia made hay of the fiasco and gained political clout by using the Morgan affair as an issue (MIT). Secondly, the clergy also lowered themselves to this level of demagoguery. Even former members of the Fraternity saw in this an opportunity to claim that the Freemasons were evil and that only in the church could souls be saved. The clergy knew full well that Freemasonry was not in the business of saving souls. The third mechanism, which grabbed an opportunity to gain notoriety and to sell newspapers, was the press. New papers were born regularly with the one objective, to sell newsprint by leveling accusations at the Fraternity. Any dirt would do despite its veracity. The anti-Masonic movement in itself was a sort of lie, it was a conspiracy to promote certain people or groups at the cost of freemasons. The press could make money. The clergy saw people converting. Lastly, the politicians had an opportunity to promote themselves (MIT). The times were ripe for suspicion and distrust. Uncultivated egos led people to believe that only their church, their politics, their way of life was the correct one. Others were ignorant and in the dark. (Marrs, 17) The masons as a society are very secretive and extremely widespread. The society is formed on the basis that brotherly love, belief in religion and helping the community are musts. These characteristics don't make the masons seem like they have any wrongdoing in their actions and so fourth. Even so there is is much criticism of the freemasons as a group. There have been numerous attacks against freemasons and what the supposedly have hidden from the rest of society. The most potentially damaging attacks of this century have come in the past two or three years. People have tried to convince society that freemasonry is rooted in heresy. Even in the face of extreme large amounts of criticism the masons have chosen to remain silent and not release any secrets. Whatever the actions were, or the motives have been they have always allowed themselves to be easy targets. It seems that the masons have been deliberately accused of certain things therefore they will gain the reputation that will put them under. Whether another society has done this to them is unknown. Everything seems to denounce the Order of the Masons. It is probably not long before the masons come out and set the record straight, rather than just accept the blows of criticism. They rely on their acts of reconciliation and following the principles of brotherhood, relief and truth, which is not enough to keep the largest fraternity in the world operating. It is very amazing that a group of people could persevere through the trials and tribulations that they have been through. It was very hard to gather reliable and large amounts of information because of the secrecy. What was learned is that this group operates for nothing but the good of themselves and others. Many very important figures of the world were members of this organization. This is a reason why there is so much controversy surrounding this group. All in all, its been the most successful attempt at a unified group or â€Å"secret society. â€Å"

Sales strategy of Supermarkets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8665 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction To explore has E-Commerce affected the sales strategy of supermarket one must focus on types of e-commerce, impact of such e-commerce on sales strategy and the interrelationship between sales strategy and e-commerce. The aim of this research study is to focus on the relationship between e-commerce and its implementation in super markets via the following objectives: To explore the key challenges that are involve during the e-commerce strategy formulation process in Tesco direct. To understand the benefits opportunities that e-commerce gives to create an efficient sales strategy of Tesco direct. To discover the importance of relationship between e-commerce and sales strategy for the sustainable growth of Tesco direct. To inside into how e-commerce may give competitive advantages to Tesco Direct. To generate the possible reasons behind the adoption of e-commerce of Tesco Direct. To explore whether any problem is faced by Tesco direct for the implementation of e-commerce based on SWOT analysis. The Context(s): As the research will be intend to identify the impact of e-commerce on the development of sales strategy and its impact on supermarkets, it is important to define the terms. The goal of e-commerce strategy and formulation lies in gaining an understanding of different strategy options and their implications, and then iteratively evaluating arguments in favor or against these options. The research should focus on Tesco direct and its major competitors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sales strategy of Supermarkets" essay for you Create order For this research Tesco direct has been chosen. Tesco, well known as Britains leading food retail group with a presence also elsewhere in Europe, Asia and the United States has also been a pioneer online. Tesco opened its first store in Edgware, North London in 1929. Now Tesco direct has more than 8000 products. The major part of this study should include a valid attachment; the relationship between e-commerce adoption and the sales strategy on supermarkets, more specifically on Tesco direct. According to Bocij, (2005) E-commerce means selling products online via the Web. Likewise, Whinston, (1997) defines the term e-commerce more clearly. Whinston said, depending on whom you ask, electronic commerce has different definitions. From a communications perspective, electronic commerce is the delivery of information, products/services, or payments via telephone lines, computer networks, or any other means. From a business process perspective, electronic commerce is the application of technology toward the automation of business transactions and workflows. From a service perspective, electronic commerce is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery. From an online perspective, electronic commerce provides the capability of buying and selling products and information on the internet and service delivery. Likewise, Bocij (2005) another writers Thill, J Bovee (2008) in their books Excellence in business communication mentions that to identify the relationship between e-commerce and sales strategy and how it may create competitive advantages in supermarkets, a SWOT analysis with the evaluation of product ranges, competitors, promotion strategy of online product strategy and its current market share may be helpful. Due to the high degree of uncertainty regarding future developments, especially in the e-commerce environment where technologies and business models change rapidly, making long-term commitments to a strategy is a difficult challenge. Furthermore, there are usually numerous, different and frequently contradicting decision criteria that need to be evaluated during strategy analysis and formulation. For instance, in the case of Tesco direct a crucial strategic issue was to choose between two different fulfillment approaches for online orders in-store-based fulfillment versus war ehouse-based fulfillment. All the above definitions and concepts may be valid. It is just a matter of which lens is used to view the electronic commerce landscape. This study is to find out total market scenario of e-commerce and its impact of the sales strategy on supermarket specifically on Tesco direct. Research design (including methods) or critical approach: Type of Research This research is qualitative in nature. The research have developed conclusion based on collected data. Sources of Data Both primary and secondary data should use in this study. Primary Data: Survey on employee of Tesco direct: To do so a permission with the negotiation of different outlets of Tesco direct already been taken and they have assured to provide best support, as the research is for academic purpose only. Survey on Customers: For primary survey on customers structured pre-designed questionnaires (contained open end, semi open and close end questions) may administer through face-to-face interview (FTF) with respondents and this should consider significant time implication. Multilevel sampling procedure (Stratified + Convenient) should be use for this study. In the procedure of primary data collection, two approaches may be considered. They are: Personal interview by questionnaire Oral conversation Secondary Data: Annual Report of concerned supermarkets Different articles published in Journals Sample Design Multilevel sampling procedure (Stratified + Convenient) will follow in drawing the sample for primary survey. Population: Grocery and general merchandising retail chain Elements: Tesco direct. Sampling Unit: Employees of Tesco direct and their customers. Sample Size: For the Tesco direct the sample size is 20 and for customers the sample size is 30. Sample size was determined based on the judgment sampling by considering the time and cost and some other factors. Sampling Area: London. Expected Findings and analysis: After gathering the data by questionnaire, data will be analyzed with different statistical techniques and tests. Findings of the study will be presented by relevant tables, graphs, and charts. Ethical issues: This research should be qualitative in nature and the nature of this research is to serve the educational purpose only. So, specific point of view no ethical issues i.e., harm to a participant, lake of informed consent, invasion of privacy, deception should not be involve here. Special resources required: This research is qualitative in nature and special resource like audio visual, video recorder may be needed. As well as some technical skills i.e., SPSS, Microsoft Excel should add additional value. However, it is expected all resources including above technical skills should be acquired properly on time. For data collection and for focus group interview audio visual format should be indispensable and for this research all necessary resources are fully available. Timetable of main stages of the study: The table below indicates the suggested timeframe for the research work. This meets the deadline set out in brief. When the project is underway, I will send weekly progress report in the form of emails at 12 noon every Friday. This will allow us to summarize the weeks work and gives us the opportunity of the weekend to put into place any modification you might suggest. Chapter 02 Literature Review Literature review: Background: As the research intends to identify the impact of e-commerce on the development of sales strategy and its impact on supermarkets, it is important to define the terms. The goal of e-commerce strategy and formulation lies in gaining an understanding of different strategy options and their implications, and then iteratively evaluating these options. The research will focus on Tesco Direct and its major competitors. For this research Tesco Direct has been chosen. Tesco, well known as Britains leading food retail group with a presence also elsewhere in Europe, Asia and the United States has also been a pioneer online. According to Clark T. (2008) Tesco started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr. Cohen made a profit of 1 from sales of 4 on his first day. The Tesco brand first appeared five years later in 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr. T. E Stockwell. The initials and letters were combined to form Tesco and in 1929 Mr. Cohen opened the flagship Tesco store in Burnt Oak, North London. The brand continued its rise in the 1930s when Mr. Cohen built a headquarters and warehouse in North London and in 1932 Tesco became a private limited company. In 1947 Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd floated on the stock exchange with a share price of 25p. Tesco showed its expansionary zeal early on by buying up rival shops. In the 195 0s the retailer bought 70 Williams stores and 200 Harrow stores, followed by 97 Charles Philips stores and the Victor Value chain in the early 1960s. During the 60s supermarkets started to expand rapidly by selling more products in ever larger stores. In1961Tesco Leicester entered the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe and in1968Tesco opened its first superstore in Crawley, West Sussex. Supermarkets revolutionized the way people shopped and by the 1970s Tesco was building a national store network to cover the whole of the UK, which it continues to expand to this day, while also diversifying into other products. In1974Tesco opened its first petrol stations, and would become the UKs largest independent petrol retailer. By1979total sales topped 1bn, and by1982sales had doubled to more than 2bn. In1987Tesco successfully completed a hostile takeover of supermarket rival Hillards for 220m. In the 1990s Tesco continued to tighten its grip on the UK with more store open ings and an aggressive marketing campaign in an attempt to overtake Sainsburys as the UKs leading grocer. In1992, the company launched is slogan every little helps, followed by the Tesco Value range in1993. This was followed by the launch of the Tesco Club card scheme in1995, helping Tesco to overtake rival Sainsburys as the UKs largest food retailer. 1996saw the retailer introduce its first 24-hour store while it also expanded overseas opening shops in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In1997 Tesco appointed Sir Terry Leahy as chief executive. Tesco.com was launched in2000and the supermarket continued to expand its range of products, which now includes clothes, electrical and personal finance products. In2004Tesco entered the broadband market. Three years ago, in2006, the retailer announced ambitious plans to open stores in the US under the name Fresh and Easy and funded by existing resources. Tesco now operates in 13countries. Today it reported that group sales were 51.8bn in the year to February 23, 2009. Pre-tax profit rose to 2.8bn. In2009the retail giant took its conquest of the UK one step further by buying up some rival Somerfield stores on remote islands in Scotland, giving Tesco a presence in every single postcode area in the country. As it stands there is only one postcode in the UK in Harrogate in North Yorkshire which does not have a Tesco. Now Tesco Direct has more than 8000 products. What is E-commerce?: According to Bocij, (2005) E-commerce means selling products online via the Web. And he defines the e-commerce from different perspectives. From a communications perspective, electronic commerce is the delivery of information, products/services, or payments via telephone lines, computer networks, or any other means. From a business process perspective, electronic commerce is the application of technology toward the automation of business transactions and workflows. From a service perspective, electronic commerce is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery. From an online perspective, electronic commerce provides the capability of buying and selling products and information on the internet and service delivery. Hindle, K.G and Rushworth, S.M (2008) mentioned that, to identify the relationship between e-commerce and sales strategy and how it may create competitive advantages in supermarkets, a SWOT analysis with the evaluation of product ranges, competitors, promotion strategy of online product strategy and its current market share may be helpful. However, Chaffey, D. and Wood, S. (2005) stated that due to the high degree of uncertainty regarding future developments, especially in the e-commerce environment where technologies and business models change rapidly, making long-term commitments to a strategy is a difficult challenge. Furthermore, there are usually numerous, different and frequently contradicting decision criteria that need to be evaluated during strategy analysis and formulation. For instance, in the case of Tesco Direct a crucial strategic issue was to choose between two different fulfillment approaches for online orders in-store-based fulfillment versus warehouse-based fulfillm ent. However there are other retailers who have a different way to fulfill order from customer, for example Ocado uses the warehouse based approach in order to fulfill customer request received through online. All the above definitions and concepts may be valid. It is just a matter of which lens is used to view the electronic commerce landscape. This study is to find out total market scenario of e-commerce and its impact of the sales strategy on supermarket specifically on Tesco Direct. Why is E-commerce important? According to Housel. T and Arthur .A (2007) in the face of strong market forces created by electronic commerce and mounting competition, corporations can no longer move along historical tracks or seeks the preservation of the status quo. Companies are discovering that old solutions do not work with new problems. The business parameters have changed, and so have the risk and payoffs. However, in order to figure out the answers, we need to understand why, where, and when electronic commerce is important. According to McKeon, P and Watson, R. (2007) Electronic commerce in becoming critical in three interrelated dimensions: customer-to-business interactions, intra-business interactions, and business-to-business interactions. Fingar, P and Aronica, R (2005) defines the three terms in a broader way. In the customer-to-business dimension, electronic commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made (movement from make-to-stock to a build-to-order model) and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and more open process with customers having greater control). Electronic commerce is also a catalyst for dramatic changes in internal organizational functioning, as evidence by the rapid proliferation of intranets. It is facilitating on organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past, one that is characterized by the shift from a hierarchical command-and-control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows, and work-group structures. Electronic commerce is also impacting business-to-business interactions. Electronic commerce facilitates the network form of organization where small flexible firms rely on other partner companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end-to-end relationship management solution (often called integrated or extended supply-chain management) is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors, and even competitors. The management of online transactions in the supply chain assumes a central role. In the face of market changes, corporations can no longer be insular in nature. In the order to be successful, management has to come to grips with the changes taking place in the various market spaces. In the same vein, managers cannot operate effectively without some major regaining of mindset, attitudes, s kills, and knowledge. Types of E-commerce: Lawrence, E. et al. (2008) mentions that there are nine segments of e-commerce: Business to consumer (B2C), business to business (B2B), business to government (B2G), consumer to consumer (C2C), consumer to business (C2B), consumer to government (C2G), government to government (G2G), government to business (G2B), and government to consumer (G2C). The e-commerce matrix is set out in table 1. Although an organization may implement a solution in one segment of e-commerce, the same solution also may be applicable to other segments. Tesco Direct is a business entity which mainly interacts with Consumer and Business, so this paper will concentrate on C2B, B2C and B2B model of E-Commerce. C2B (Consumer to Business) E- Commerce: According to Laudon, K.C Laudon, J.P (2006) in electronically facilitated consumer-to-business transactions, customers learn about products through electronic publishing, buy products with electronic cash and other secure payment systems, and even have information goods delivered over the network. From the consumers perspective, electronic commerce facilitates the following economic transactions: Social interaction: Electronic applications enable consumers to communicate with each other through electronic mail, videoconferencing, and news groups. Personal finance management: Electronic applications like quicken enable consumers to manage investments and personal finances using online banking tools. Purchasing products and information: Electronic applications enable consumers to find online information about existing and new products/services. Liu, C and Nye, A (2005) states that Consumers consistently demand greater convenience and lower prices. Electronic commerce provides consumers with convenient shopping methods, from online catalog ordering to phone banking, both of which eliminated the cost of expensive retail branches (or Bricks and Mortar). Electronic commerce facilitates factory orders by eliminating many intermediary steps, thereby lowering manufacturers inventory and distribution costs, and indirectly providing consumers with lower prices. B2C (Business to Consumer) E-Commerce: Likewise Maddox, K (2007)mentions that, B2C refers to the selling and buying of goods and services via the web from web retailers to web customers. This really is the same thing as B2B E-Commerce with one key exception. With B2B implementations, the parties are Trusted Business Partners who have an established working relationship. With B2C E-Commerce, the retailer is often selling to unknown, un-trusted strangers. Therefore extra effort must be made to capture customer and payment information. Further, this data is typically verified before orders are fulfilled. In this respect, B2C is a tougher solution to provide than B2B. However, B2C almost always involves customer typing information into an order screen; there is no need to link together two complex accounting systems. In this respect, B2B is a much tougher solution to deliver. B2B (Business to Business) E-Commerce: According to Butter, M Richmond, C (2006) from the inter-organizational perspective, electronic commerce facilitates the following business applications. Supplier management: Electronic applications help companies reduce the number of suppliers and facilitate business partnerships by reducing purchase order (PO) processing costs and cycle times, and by increasing the number of Pos processed with fewer people. Inventory management: Electronic applications shorten the order-ship-bill cycle. If the majority of a businesss partners are electronically linked, information once sent by fax or mail can be instantly transmitted. Business can also track their documents to ensure that they were received, thereby improving auditing capabilities. This also helps to reduce inventory levels, improve inventory turns, and eliminate out-of-stock occurrences. Distribution management: electronic applications facilitate the transmission of shipping documents such as bills of lading, purchases orders, advanced ship notices, and manifest claims, and enable better resource management by ensuring that the documents themselves contain more accurate data. Payment management: Electronic applications link companies with suppliers and distributors so that payments can be sent and received electronically. Electronic payment reduces clerical error, increases the speed at which companies compute invoices and lowers transaction fees and costs. Manage Brands: Dann, S and Dann, S (2001) mentioned online brand management as an exciting area of retailing management. Fill, C (2005) distinguished the major difference between online and off-line branding as the context in which the brand associations are developed and sustained. Retailers know that consumers adopt a brand, and make it part of their lifestyle; they remain loyal and purchase the brand again and again. The adoption decision is preceded by a number of other steps: unaware, aware, interested, knowledgeable, positive attitude, experience, trial, repeat, and adoption. However, according to Fill, C (2005), Purchase behavior in electronic markets differs from traditional retail settings in two ways. First, a retailer is concerned with simply inducing purchase through the use of marketing mix variable (retail and/ or manufactures rebates, list price discounts, trade-in-allowances). Second, a retailer is interested in inducing purchase now, rather than later. There are various reason for this, including present value consideration and uncertainty of making the sale at some future date. Thus online coupon books and other tools likely to include a consumer to make decisions quickly can have important implications on purchasing process. Electronic commerce and retailing: Kalakota, R and Whinston, A.B (2007) mention that, retailing is expected to change with the rapid development of new online sales and distribution channels that literally can be used from anywhere, anytime-from work, school, a hotel, car, or airplane. These developments should impact retailing as much as the advent of shopping malls, catalog retailing, and TV based home shopping. On the other hand McWilliam (2006) states that almost every retailer is reevaluating every aspect of its operation from customer service to advertising, merchandising to store design, and logistics to order fulfillment. Furthermore, reacting to the pressure of retailers, suppliers are assessing technology-based solutions to drive down costs (labor, delivery, and production) and become more efficient producers of goods. According to Kalakota, R and Whinston, A (1997), online channels such as online services and the web are also impacting traditional retail business models. He insisted that the retailers need to consider the following issues in developing a business model: Product/content: what kind of products is suited for online re-tailing? Software interface issue: what kind of features will constitute an effective interface? What features make it easy to find and select items for online purchase? Process issues: What are the specific steps in the shopping process from a consumers perspective? What kind of processes should companies develop to fulfill orders efficiently? Pricing issue: How much will consumers be willing to pay for convenience? Payment issues: What payment methods would consumers use for online purchases? Market penetration issues: Would an online channel be popular with consumers? How long will such a system take to attract a critical mass and become profitable? Understanding these issues will help companies formulate a merchandising strategy-and build a merchandising mindset-from what they sell to how they sell it; from pricing to timing; from product development to sourcing; from their choices of electronic media to how they integrate them; and from customer payment alternatives to shipping procedure. We need critical analysis of these questions in order to maintain the proper perspective on online retailing. The potential is serious, but so are the problems that lie ahead. Before examining the implications of changing consumer behavior and online retailing in the existing retail business, let us step back for a moment and ask the question: why should retailers consider the online environment as a way of doing business? The answer lies in understanding the market changes that effect retailing and that will continue to affect it in the future. E-commerce and sales strategy of Tesco Direct: According to Institution of Direct Marketing (2009) Tesco used two direct media (e-mail and direct marketing) and two passive media (in-store promotions with advertising, and web advertising). For the first two, many different lists were tested. Cold lists (list of stuffs which sales is slow and not important enough to keep on first page) were profiled against Club card data (which includes transactional, life stage attitudinal and geo-demographic information) to identify potential dedicated customers. Tesco Direct have different strategy. In case of conversion many customers register but dont shop online immediately. A special communication programme was devised for these persons, to help them over any barriers they may perceive which prevent them from taking the plunge. This programme can be conducted by e-mail and/or direct mail, and includes relevant offers and information. Moreover, when a registrant does come to conduct a first-time shop, the system recognizes the situation and produces a personalized home page to guide the user through this new experience. Like wise for Retention Tesco uses a classic Regency Frequency Value model to classify customer commitment on six levels. These are: Dedicated, Established, Developing, Cautionary, Logged-on, Logged-off. One of the problems is that a customers first shop can take some time, while the customer becomes conversant with the layout of the site, and, in some cases, with the technicalities of the medium. Tesco.com is careful to point this out at the outset, and for all shops after the first provides a short-cut in the form of My Favorites a list containing all items from previous shops, both on and offline. This allows customers to tailor their baskets without starting from scratch each time, and, together with increasing familiarity, ensures that the customers time is not wasted. The Institute of Direct marketing (2009) also mentions that Tesco Direct developed a sound strategy to meet its goals and sales target. Tesco Direct introduced E-commerce as a corporate culture as a top down led management initiative. This may require education and training of managers in the first instance so they understand the benefits (and risks) associated with e-commerce introduction. The SWOT analysis should have identified the companys strengths. An e-commerce initiative needs to build on these strengths. The cost benefit analysis enabled managers to set targets and prioritize e-commerce activities to give the greatest opportunities for the earliest financial return with the minimum risk. The SWOT analysis has identified strengths within the company of Tesco Direct that may be usable in the e-commerce project. For example, Tesco Direct already has a good distribution network this may be the foundation for developing the e-commerce distribution. To take advantage of the on-lin e customer community Tesco Direct developed a web centric marketing strategy alongside the technical developments. Even if the current marketing strategy has taken the Internet into account, it is necessary to develop a marketing strategy that clearly targets the Internet as a primary marketing channel. And Tesco Direct successfully developed this strategy. E-commerce: the sales strategy assessment of supermarket 2009 Raisch, W (2009) state that, The Internet grocery market is an extension of the home-shopping philosophy. It is a sector that has already demonstrated considerable growth and that promises further substantial increases in the future. Internet sales across many product sectors have achieved à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  and continue to achieve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  high annual growth rates in the UK. Indeed, consumers passion for and propensity towards purchasing items online show no sign of abating. Source: E-commerce, Information Technology and The Arts 2008, Shopping on the Internet: Facts for consumer # 4, last updated 28th April, www.dcita.co.uk, accessed January 2010 According to the Institute of Direct Marketing (2009) The Internet or online grocery market in the UK is dominated by four of the UKs major supermarket chains à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Tesco, Sainsburys, ASDA and Waitrose à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  and by a fifth supplier, Ocado, which is a warehouse-based online operation and a partner distributor to Waitrose. Outside of these five major suppliers, the market is mainly populated by a wide range of niche, specialized retailers, many of which offer products that are not always available in the major supermarkets. Apart from the five leading online suppliers, no other supermarket chains in the UK operate in the online grocery market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  not even Morrisons, which is the fourth-largest supermarket chain by market share. The costs and complexity of establishing an online service `from scratch appear to be a significant obstacle for many of these chains. The recent focus of the five major online grocers has seen them expand their distribution networks, improve their stock availability levels and enhance the functionality of their websites. However, in the current recession, other factors such as price competition may get more attention than ever. Newton, S (2005) mentions that electronic commerce allows businesses to do the things they currently do, but to do them better. The simplest example and where many businesses start their exploration of e-commerce is that of companies using web sites to provide information about products and services. This information has traditionally been transmitted via printed brochures or via mass media advertising. However, the excitement also stems from the fact that electronic commerce (in the sense of e-commerce i.e. business to consumer) allows businesses to do things that were not previously possible. One obvious way that electronic commerce does this is by providing a number of new routes or channels through which goods or services can be sold. These additional channels are likely to give the company access to new consumers and business customers. Companies must therefore learn how to communicate with their customers in this way and also to act on what they learn, tailoring their communi cation, products and services offered to each customer. Research currently being undertaken by Daniel, E. (2009) has highlighted the main challenges that managers face when considering electronic commerce developments. The key issues they raised included: Raising the internal understanding of electronic commerce, particularly at senior management levels. developing a coherent e-commerce strategy across the organisation understanding and providing a true value proposition for customers understanding the impact on the supply chain developing an agile supply chain to support the electronic commerce strategy building a business case for electronic services E-commerce and sales strategy of online retailing: According to Thill, J Bovee, C (2008), while changes in retailing may be driven by technology, managerial vision is required for successful implementation. Traditionally, retailing has been a low-tech environment in which retailing executives often relegated technology issues to back-room operators. These managers are most at risk, as they do not have a clue that a major revolution has begun. Most of them have been never used a computer (or had to), never been on an online service, and do not know what the internet is or what it can do. The winners will be the players who understand how to leverage the unique capabilities of the online medium to effectively meet the changing needs of the consumers. Likewise Timmers, P (2006) mentions that while the technology required to implement online retailing is maturing, many management issues remain unanswered. No one really knows yet how to build and run a successful, mass-market online mall. The sales medium is new, the technology is new, and retailers have a lot to learn about tricky technology, customer behavior, and management issues. But one thing is clear: for online retailing to succeed, online technology must complement management and operational strategy. Some immediate strategy questions that need to be addressed include: how can the company generate pull forces that attract people to the online store? How can the company leverage on established brand names? How can the company utilize features of a product or service to signal value or quality to an online customer? Retailing strategy: Hoffman, D Novak, T (2007) states that strategy is needed to address the whole retail process. The steps involved in retailing strategy include: prospecting for potential customers, qualifying a customer, learning the customers needs, understanding the customers purchasing process, selecting the presentation to be made, making the presentation, adapting the presentation based on consumer reaction, handling objections, negotiating with the customer, closing the sale, and building an ongoing relationship through service. Each of these steps needs to be rethought and reexamined in the online environment. Strategy also deals with stimulating demand. Retailers have not learned how to stimulate online demand, something that will become increasingly important. To stimulate demand, retailers must get out ahead of consumers by anticipating shifting attitudes and lifestyles, and must use marketing methods that trigger traffic and sales. Marketing triggers need to resonate with the targeted co nsumer, which today simply cannot be every one. Retailers need to be finding a unique voice and image. Words, images and merchandise connected to lifestyle and consumer trends can stimulate demand, even in this difficult climate. Deliver a satisfying shopping experience: According to Macpherson, A (2005), It is true that by being online theres no traffic issue, no waiting in line, and no wasting time in sales pitches, but will the consumer be able to find the products he or she wants quickly, make selections, and enjoy the whole process? Management needs to learn how to make a monitor or web page deliver at satisfying shopping experience. The challenges are to build technology that entices consumers and helps them find their way through the virtual maze. Online retailer often find that they are dealing with different set of customers than they had expected, or with customer attitudes that are incompatible with this new market. Many firms discovered that the limited product selections and canned presentations that work on television do not appeal to the individuals who are using PCs; consumer interface needs to include text, graphics, stimulated 3-D and actual virtual reality. Designing the layout of an online Store: Pretty, C Sweeney, A (2002), mentions that creating a virtual store that consumers will like is not easy. The virtual store will have to have a greater impact on the consumers value equation. To significantly alter consumer buying behavior, virtual retailing will have to provide better, faster, cheaper, or more entertaining shopping experience. The layout of the store also depends on manufacturer incentives to retailers such as slotting allowances. Slotting allowances are lump-sum advance payment made by manufacturers to retailers for stocking their new products. In exchanges for slotting allowances, the retailers make an agreement with the manufacturers to place the product in a high-traffic area for promotional purposes. Slotting allowances can be used by retailers to determine how to design their user interface, namely, what products appear visually closer to customers, and also what products are found when search criteria are specified. Create the Right incentives: According to Weill, P Vitale, M (2008), the right incentive can influence consumer acceptance. However, incentives design for online retail markets is fairly new and well understood. The question here is: How can coupons, discounts, or other incentives are used by online merchants to build and retain shopper royalty. On the other hand Bayles, D (2006), commented that incentive are so basic to traditional retailing that one can only marvel at the myopia among some only retailers that technology can conquer all. Retailers need to think about different incentives strategies for different types of online products/services. For instance, how do you influence consumers to download a file? By charging a low price, by offering value, or by offering frequent flyer miles. One may argue that these are basic questions that have been addressed in regular retailing. That might be the case, but online retailing is subtly different on many planes and requires merchants to rethink their incentive mechanisms. E-commerce has changed the business parameter a lot considering the risk and payoffs. Hence, an end-to-end relationship management solution (often called integrated or extended supply-chain management) is a desirable goal for Tesco Direct to maximize the market share through managing the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors, and even competitors. According to Lawrence, E. et al. (2008) there are nine segments of e-commerce but Tesco Direct needs to focus on only three of them such as C2B, B2C and B2B model of E-Commerce as business and consumer are their key concern. And strong distribution network of Tesco have given them an advantage to beat the competitors. Moreover they have also developed a marketing strategy clearly targeting the internet as a primary marketing channel. Now Tesco Direct needs to think about different incentives strategies for different types of online products/services. For instance, how do you influence consumers to download a file? By charging a low price, by offering value, or by offering frequent flyer miles. Chapter 03: Methodology Methodology: In broader perspective research can be considered as gathering information to answer of a question that drives to solve a problem (Booth et al 2008). Mokwa, M. et al (1980) have specified research as a systematic process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting all relevant data and information which helps for decision making. Systematic Process refers to the approach of research will follow a system which is consist of a series of steps. From here we can understand that we need to gather all required data or information initially through one or several techniques. Then all these data or information must be analyzed to find an outcome. And the next step will be interpretation of the outcome. Thus we may conclude from Kothari, C. R. (2009) research is an art of scientific investigation. For any organization, whether it is profit or non-profit, doing research is considered as an important and reliable activity through which we may expand our knowledge or understanding of the world around us. It is important because we may use the understanding or knowledge through research for varied purposes. For example information derived through speculative research may help a business entity to develop or formulate its strategy. Generally all organization conducts research with proper care and planning. So outcome of research is reliable because reliability depends on validity and applicability, never on what the information turns out to be. Ethridge, D. E. (2004) concluded that we affect validity of information by the process and procedures through which it is generated. In this chapter of the dissertation on Has e-commerce affected the sales strategy of Supermarkets? (A Study of Tesco Direct) we will review the methodology concentrating on how required data will be collected and analyzed to reach the purpose of the study. First of all the purpose of the dissertation will be discussed. Then this discussion will focus on the research approach followed by research strategy. Later this chapter will continue regarding method of data collection, selection of sample and finally data processing and data analysis. Figure 1 Methodology Overview, Adopted from: Foster, T. (1998) International Marketing Communication: An Emperical Investigation of the Use of Marketing Communication Tools. Research Purpose: There is various purpose of research from various viewpoints. However from the view of most common uses, Saunders et al (2003) classified the purpose of research as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. According to their argument from the view point of adaptability during the schedule of procedure exploratory research resembles the activities of traveler without a set of itinerary. So it is expected that one has to be willing to adjust with potential new or unexpected findings which may or may not switch change of direction. Thus we may conclude that the exploratory research has an initial broad focus which narrows progressively throughout the course of the research. According to Wiedersheim-Paul and Eriksson (2001) descriptive research means recognizing and mapping by suggesting, recording and filing based on the investigator or researchers preference of standpoints, level of concentration and characterization. It is important to have justifiable purpose for the descriptive res earch to be carrying great weight. Kothari, C. R. (2009) stated descriptive research as a combination of surveys and fact finding enquiries of various kinds where the researcher has hardly any control over the variables except reporting what has taken place or what is taking place. In order to be capable to be in motion towards the next stage, (which is widely known or categorized as explanatory stage of research) the descriptive research requires to be soundly completed. Saunders et al. (2009) stated an explanatory study intends to ascertain untailored association between or among various variables. Wiedersheim-Paul and Eriksson (2001) further states that to explain means to make an analysis of cause and effect relationship, and similar to that of the descriptive level the analysis has to be founded upon a range of predestined decisive factors. This study on Tesco Direct is mainly descriptive as data will be composed in order to describe a precise subject matter but it will also move into the exploratory and explanatory stages as an effort of the author to gain a deeper and better understanding of e-commerce within the scope of online grocery store industry of UK. In the preliminary exploration level author will develop the purpose and enormous prominence will be given on the descriptive stage while spending appropriate time and effort in the explanatory level illustrating conclusions of the research findings. This choice of give emphasis to the descriptive stage offers support for using a qualitative approach for the study. To explore has E-Commerce affected the sales strategy of supermarket one must focus on types of e-commerce, impact of such e-commerce on sales strategy and the interrelationship between sales strategy and e-commerce. The aim of this research study is to focus on the relationship between e-commerce and its implementation in super markets via the following objectives: To explore the key challenges that are involve during the e-commerce strategy formulation process in Tesco Direct. To understand the benefits opportunities that e-commerce gives to create an efficient sales strategy of Tesco Direct. To discover the importance of relationship between e-commerce and sales strategy for the sustainable growth of Tesco Direct. To inside into how e-commerce may give competitive advantages to Tesco Direct. To generate the possible reasons behind the adoption of e-commerce of Tesco Direct. To explore whether any problem is faced by Tesco Direct for the implementation of e-commerce based on SWOT analysis. Research Approach: Type of Research This research is qualitative in nature. A qualitative study focuses on accepting peoples behaviour patterns. According to Kothari, C. R. (2009) qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon. On the other hand according to Mujis, D. (2004) quantitative study is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a particular phenomenon. Patton, M.Q. (2002)identified that, qualitative findings grow out of three kinds of data collection (1) in-depth, open-ended interviews (2) direct observations (3) written documents. Interview gives way direct quotations from people regarding their practices, views, feelings and knowledge. The data from observations consist of thorough similes of peoples actions, manners, measures, and the full range of interpersonal communications and organizational procedures that are part of evident human experience. Document analysis contains learning extracts, quotations or entire passages from organizational, medical or curriculum records; memoranda and correspondence; official publications and reports; personal diaries and open ended written answers to questionnaires and surveys. Saunders et al., (2003) commented that qualitative data is categorized by its opulence and comprehensiveness based on the researchers prospect of exploring a subject matter in its real manner. In order to capture opulence and comprehensiveness connected with qualitative data, a standardised approach of collecting data is included. Saunders et al., (2003) insisted that the non-standardized and complex data that have been unruffled has to be classified into groups earlier than they can be analyzed in a significant way. For instance, according to Kothari, C. R. (2009) when we are concerned in exploring the grounds for human behavior (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we reasonably often speak of Motivation Research, an imperative kind of qualitative research. This type of research plans at determining the core of human motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. This research have developed conclusion based on collected data. Research Strategy The research is conducted by the author by surveying randomly selected Tesco employees as well as customers. According to Creswell, J. (2003) a survey design provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a population. Moreover Aliaga and Gunderson (2002) found its helpful in explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods. Hence, for this research topic survey is really imperative because this study requires analysis of numeric description of trends or attitudes of a population. Both primary and secondary data should use in this study. The author has decided to take direct interview of Tesco employees as well as customers at different places to collect primary data. For secondary data author will rely on books, article, journal, websites, annual reports and brochures from various writers and organisations. Books, article and journal from different authors will help to interpret the findings fr om analysed data as well as learning more about industry and company background. Annual reports and websites will help to collect information about competitors of Tesco Direct. Data Collection Primary Data: The primary data collection method for this study is mainly one to one interviews through the author will collect the primary data both from Tesco employees and customers. Because according to (Denscombe 2000) an interview is a resolute conversation between two or more persons. Moreover an interview enables the researcher to collect convincing and consistent data which are pertinent to the proposed rationale and research questions. It is important that the environment of the interview to be consistent with the research topic, objectives and purpose. Survey on employee of Tesco Direct: To do so a permission with the negotiation of different outlets of Tesco Direct already been taken and they have assured to provide best support, as the research is for academic purpose only. The writer will conduct a structured interview through a pre-determined questionnaire. Survey on Customers: For primary survey on customers structured pre-designed questionnaires (contained open end, semi open and close end questions) may administer through face-to-face interview (FTF) with respondents and this should consider significant time implication. Multilevel sampling procedure (Stratified + Convenient) should be use for this study. Like the employees of Tesco, the writer will conduct a structured interview of the customers also through a pre-determined questionnaire. The questionnaire is prepared in such a way that customers can response freely and is able to elaborate their opinion within the scope of the research topic. The interviewee will be allowed to ask for any help from the writer regarding the questionnaire during the interview. In the procedure of primary data collection, two approaches may be considered. They are: Personal interview by questionnaire Oral conversation Secondary Data: Annual Report of concerned supermarkets Different articles published in Journals Sample Selection Kumar, R. (2005) defined sampling as the procedure of choosing a few (a sample) from a greater group (the sampling population). Kothari, C. R. (2009) indicated a sample design as an explicit arrangement for selecting a sample from a given population. It points to the method or the course of action the researcher would accept in selecting items for the sample. Multilevel sampling procedure (Stratified + Convenient) will follow in drawing the sample for primary survey. Kothari, C. R. (2009) stated that in order to obtain a representative sample, generally stratified sampling method is used if a population from which a sample is to be drawn does not constitute a homogeneous group. According to stratified sampling method the population is separated into few sub-populations which are more homogeneous than the whole population then the substances are selected from each different sub-population to compose a sample. And according to Fink, A. (2003) a convenience sampling consists of a group of persons who are prepared and accessible. Data Analysis Yin (2003) concluded that data analysis consists of probing, categorising, tabulating, testing or otherwise recombining qualitative substantiation to address the initial propositions of a study. Saunders et al. (2003) insisted that there are different strategies of how to analyze the collected data. Miles and Huberman (1994) indicated three current flows of activity known as data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing as essential tools for data analysis. Data Reduction: The researcher will transform data into useful information through selecting, simplifying and summarising the field data. Data Display: According to Miles and Huberman (1994) if all the data are collected in an organized, compressed, assembled way it will be helpful to draw conclusion and action. Drawing Conclusions: It is the last motion surge of the researcher to choose what things mean through focusing on regularities, outlines, rationalizations, possible arrangements, connecting streams and suggestions. In short the author will rely on the theoretical assumptions as well as propositions and analysis will follow the above three steps suggested by Miles and Huberman (1994) after gathering the data by questionnaire, data will be analyzed with different statistical techniques and tests such as arithmetic average or mean, median and mode. Findings of the study will be presented by relevant tables, graphs, and charts. Validity and Reliability By the term validity it refers that the author or researcher is testing or measuring what was planned to be tested or measured (Ejvegard 1996). Hence it is imperative to keep in mind that what is actually measured and consequent in the use of it carries lots of importance. Further to get a higher level of validity and reliability of the study, the result and conclusions can be compared to previous studies (if any) in the similar area. 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